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General Bibliography

• Bartlett JG et al: Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 31:347, 2000  [PMID:10987697]
• Basi SK et al: Patients admitted to hospital with suspected pneumonia and normal chest radiographs: epidemiology, microbiology, and outcomes. Am J Med 117:305, 2004  [PMID:15336579]
• Fine MJ et al: A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 336:243, 1997  [PMID:8995086]
• Francis JS et al: Severe community-onset pneumonia in healthy adults caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying the Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes. Clin Infect Dis 40:100, 2005  [PMID:15614698]
• Garau J: Treatment of drug-resistant pneumococcal pneumonia. Lancet Infect Dis 2:404, 2002  [PMID:12127352]
• Halm EA et al: Instability on hospital discharge and the risk of adverse outcomes in patients with pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 162:1278, 2002  [PMID:12038946]
• Houck PM et al: Timing of antibiotic administration and outcomes for Medicare patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 164:637, 2004  [PMID:15037492]
• Mandell LA et al: Update of practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults. Clin Infect Dis 37:1405, 2003  [PMID:14614663]
• Metlay JP, Fine MJ: Testing strategies in the initial management of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 138:109, 2003  [PMID:12529093]
• Mortensen EM et al: Effects of guideline-concordant antimicrobial therapy on mortality among patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med 117:726, 2004  [PMID:15541321]
• Musher DM, Montoya R, Wanahita A: Diagnostic value of microscopic examination of Gram-stained sputum and sputum cultures in patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 39:165, 2004  [PMID:15307023]
• Stephens DS et al: Incidence of macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae after introduction of the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: Population-based assessment. Lancet 365:855, 2005
  
• This topic is based on Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th edition, chapter 239, Pneumonia by TJ Marrie, GD Campbell, DH Walker, and DE Low.
  

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